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Updates]
September (from Latin septem, "seven") or mensis September was
originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman
calendar that began with March (mensis
Martius, "Mars'
month"). It had 29 days. After the reforms that resulted in a 12-month year,
September became the ninth month, but retained its name. September followed what
was originally Sextilis,
the "sixth" month, renamed Augustus in honor of the first Roman
emperor, and preceded October,
the "eighth" month that like September retained its numerical name contrary to
its position on the calendar. A day was added to September in the mid-40s BC as
part of the Julian
calendar reform.
September has none of the archaic festivals that
are marked in large letters for other months on extant
Roman fasti. Instead, about half the month is devoted to the Ludi
Romani, "Roman Games", which developed as votive
games for Jupiter
Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter Best and Greatest"). The Ludi Romani are
the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of
September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the Epulum
Jovis.[2] A nail-driving
ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican
era, and in the earliest
period, the consuls took
office on the Ides of September.[3] The
month was often represented in art by the grape harvest.
September was the birth month of no fewer than four major Roman
emperors, including Augustus.
The emperor Commodus
renamed the month after either himself or Hercules—an
innovation that was repealed after his murder in 192. In the Eastern provinces
of the Roman
Empire, the year began with September on some calendars, and was the
beginning of the imperial tax year.
